![]() The film had numerous nude scenes and Brooke had to testify that they used a body double, as she was only 14 years old at that time. In the same year, she also played in the movie “The Blue Lagoon”. She appeared in this Calvin Klein ad at the age of 15. Today she is 25 and still maintain a solid international modeling career. This was obviously controversial and would not pass today. She featured in the French magazine, Numero, in 2013. What you’ve just seen is a 16-year-old, with blonde hair and blue eyes who became a blackface for a fashion spread, “African Queen”. The now 23 model and actress has since grown into a fine woman and it shows: She was criticized for her weight, as her thin frame became more evident in other ads for Channel. She appeared in campaign for Chanel, in 2015 when she was only 16 years old. She is the daughter of Johnny Depp and Vanessa Paradis. Today she is 28 years old and maintain a thriving acting career. The picture is inspired by Nabokov’s novel, Lolita in which a grown man seduces a 12-year-old girl The AD above is for the Oh Lola! perfume and it was actually banned in UK for the provocative way in which a child was sexualized. If you’re wondering how she looks like now, here’s a photo: The model is now 28 and still maintain a solid modeling career. She earned her international recognition with her Hermes campaign and featured on the covers of Japan’s Harper’s Bazaar. She was only 13 old when she was photographed licking cupcake frosting from her hand. Now she is 56 years old and has walked away from the whole modeling scene. She was only 11 years old when she was featured in the October 1976 issue of the magazine, in a set by Bourboulon. ![]() She is the youngest girl ever to appear in a Playboy nude pictorial. At 5 years old she was modelling for her mother’s erotic photographs. She is the daughter of the Romanian-French photographer Irina Ionesco. Via instagram 8. Eva Ionesco (at 11 years old she was featured in Playboy) Here is a photo of her now so you can get some reference: She is 20 years old now and has already won the Model of the Year Award at the Front Row Awards and multiple awards since. She began modelling at the tender age of 13. She resembles her famous mother diva and she has already signed as the face of Marc Jacobs Beauty. She is the daughter of Cindy Crawford and Rande Gerber. She did her first shooting at 13 with Storm Management, the agency that also propelled Kate Moss in her career.īeing a sister of a famous actress and model always help boost your career, she is now 24 and looking better than ever. ![]() Today, she is already 15 and we could not find new photos of her 6. The magazine was really under fire for over-sexualizing a young girl When she was 9 years old, she appeared on the cover of Haven, dressed in a two-piece vintage circus costume, with her hair teased and holding a light globe. 9-year-old cover girl from Harven magazine She is now 19 years old and we could not find any new photos of her doing modeling work, she might turned into a different profession. She was the youngest model ever to feature in London Fashion Week, in 2006 when she was discovered by iconic fashion designer Zandra Rhodes. There’s a lot on her plate, that’s for sureĪs the years passed by, Momoka is now 18 years old and trying to become an actress while still doing modeling to pay the bills. Since then, she has numerous modeling gigs, while trying to stay up to date with her studies, ballet lessons and her hobbies. Her modelling career began with her appearance at the 48th MFJ Grand Prix, in Japan, in 2016.She was only 12 years old at that time and was looking like a real “race queen”. Today is is already 21 and has grown a lot since she rose to fame, but one thing is for sure, her beauty only got better with age, here’s a picture of how she looks like now:
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![]() That’s where the ip neighbour command comes in. Now, we run the ip neighbour command to see the corresponding MAC address for the IP we’ve just pinged: $ ping -c 1 172.16.187.129 We need a way to view the ARP cache so that we can see the MAC address. Although the arp command still works, we’ll use the ip neighbour command in this tutorial. As a result, they use this cache to temporarily store the IP and MAC addresses of the hosts they communicate with.Īlso, it’s important to note that the arp tool is part of the net-tools package which is outdated. All devices have an ARP cache or ARP table. Additionally, it contains a field for the target’s MAC address which, at that point, remains unknown. The ARP request includes the sender’s IP, the sender’s MAC address and the target’s IP address. The sender needs to transmit an ARP broadcast which all hosts in the LAN will receive. In most cases, the sender doesn’t know what the destination MAC address is. For the sender to know which computer to forward this packet to, it needs to have the destination IP and the destination MAC address. When a computer wants to communicate with another computer in the network, it packages the request into an IP datagram or IP packet. You can only convert those valid IPv4-represented IPv6 addresses.For example, when a computer joins a network it has a unique IP address so that it can communicate with other hosts in the network. A particular range of IPv6 addresses represents the IPv4 addresses space. Therefore, you cannot convert all the IPv6 addresses to IPv4 addresses. Thus, IPv6 addresses are 1028 times larger than IPv4 addresses in numbers. The IPv4 address is 32-bit long, and the IPv6 address is 128-bit long. Is there a one-one correspondence between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses? However, you can compress IPv6 as per your need. However, the actual number is slightly less, as several ranges are for a particular use or excluded to use.Īn example of an expanded IPv6 is: fe80:cd00:0000:0cde:1257:0000:211e:729c IPv6 address is the latest and most up to dated IP version. ![]() Therefore, to overcome future scarcity, IPv6 was introduced. 2: IPv6 addressĪlthough the IPv4 address carries most Internet traffic, however, due to the unconstructed distribution of IPv4 addresses, the world realized the upcoming shortage of IPv4 addresses. It uses a 32-bit address scheme and contains more than 4 billion IP addresses (4,294,967,296 in exact amount). IPv4 is the most commonly recognized IP address version and carries most internet traffic. An IP address, or Internet address, is categorized into two main versions: IPv4 and IPv6. What are IPv4 and IPv6?īefore diving deeper into IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, one must have an idea of what is an IP address.Īn IP address or Internet Protocol address is a unique number string assigned to each device connected to the computer network. To break down a single network into smaller networks, use an IP subnet calculator for subnetting. In the case of the above-entered IPv6 address, the tool provides you with the following result in IPv4 format 3.112.115.52.The IPv6 to IPv4 calculator processes your request and provides you with a converted IPv4 address.Click on the "Convert IPv6 to IPv4" button.To map a valid Internet Protocol Version 6 address into Internet Protocol Version 4 address, IPv6 to IPv4 conversion, or 6to4 notation, perform the following steps. How can a valid IPv6 address be mapped into an IPv4 address or 6to4 notation? If you want to perform the reverse conversion, you can do this with IPv4 to IPv6 converter. It benefits when using the same IPv6 address in its IPv4 variant. The IPv6 to IPv4 converter provides IPv6-mapped IPv4 addresses or 6to4 notation. IPv6 to IPv4 Converter - Convert IPv6 to IPv4 ![]() Reporting Does the tool offer a feature that allows users to export reports? If so, how useful are they, what’s on them, and what formats are available?ĩ. Grammar Rule Source Does the tool offer up any information about how they check content? What type of grammar rules are used and from which source (e.g., APA, MLA)? This will help you catch all those pesky grammar punctuation issues that usually slip through the cracks.Ĩ. Limitations Are there daily, weekly, or monthly word or page limits and/or file/page upload limitations?ħ. Plagiarism Does it offer a feature that checks for instances of plagiarism? If yes, how well does it work?Ħ. Concision Can the tool measure conciseness and/or give the writer suggestions to write with more clarity?ĥ. Sophistication How well does it check for comma use, parts of speech, hyphens, or words that are used incorrectly although spelled correctly?Ĥ. Accuracy Does the tool consistently uncover the same issues, such as commas, punctuation, misspellings, etc?ģ. Usability Is the tool easy to use/does it have a solid user interface? Are similar issues grouped together to help the writer learn how they can avoid common mistakes and improve their writing?Ģ. Passionate about blogging and content writing then you must surely visit Best Ai writer tools & content Generator software and know many new things about content writing tools.Ħ.Conclusion The Best Grammar Checker 2021 (Hands-On Review) How Can I Check My Grammar? Here’s How We Decide on the Best Tool…ġ. Some additional features like priority support and account roles and permissions comes with this plan. Team – Cost depends on the requirements of client.Premium – Costs $18 per month (monthly billing) and $8 per month (annual billing).Here monthly payment option is also available but you get a 50% discount on annual plans. Style guides, word definitions and analytics dashboard are available.It has a private mode feature also where your writing will be checked and then permanently deleted.Content shortcuts is the new feature in Linguix.Basic grammar checker, punctuation checks and spelling suggestions for free and advanced suggestions on premium plans.Grammarly: Best Grammar Checker App in 2023 One cannot write error-free content in large amounts even if the person is a very experienced writer, that is why these grammar checker tools are required to remove the mistakes that can become the drawback of your content quality. The following tools are available in both free and paid versions. We use them for our content writing and basis the experience, we recommend them to our visitors. ![]() We have listed out the top 7 grammar checker software that is free and will be really helpful for eliminating grammatical mistakes in your writing.
Patient mental health and social service needs: These questions focus on caring for a patient’s mental and emotional health needs.You’ll need to have a complete understanding of how to assist patients with tasks such as bathing, oral care, shaving, hair care, and using the toilet. Personal care skills: Understanding personal care skills is critical to being successful as a CNA.Emergency procedures: Questions on emergency procedures are exactly as you’d expect, understanding a CNA’s role in various medical emergencies while working at a medical facility or a nursing home.Questions in this area will cover taking and recording vital signs, methods of infection control, and assisting patients with everyday living activities. Basic nursing skills and safety: These are the basic patient care skills you’ll need to display on a day to day basis to be a valuable member of your facility’s healthcare team.You will be quizzed on questions across a number of topics including: Our CNA free practice tests are designed to challenge your knowledge and prepare you for your CNA knowledge exam. For the purposes of this site we default to using the CNA acronym rather than the State Tested Nursing Assistant and Licensed Nursing Assistant terms which are used in Ohio and New Hampshire. For those of you in Ohio and New Hampshire, please note that yes, this is also an STNA practice test or LNA practice test. Take any of our CNA practice tests as often as you’d like until you are confident in your ability to perform on exam day. Best of all, these resources are completely free and require no registration to use. ![]() ![]() We have hundreds of free CNA test questions to help you practice in preparation for your CNA exam. If you’ve made it to this page you’re most likely looking for assistance in preparing for your written CNA certification exam. Be Ready for your Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) Exam with our Free CNA Practice Test ![]() “Sailor Jerry was the first one that broke through with color, to research pigments,” he told the San Francisco Chronicle in 2006. Hardy often tried to play down his influence on the development of tattooing as an art form. “My intention was to turn it into a bespoke thing where people could come in with their ideas,” he said in 2019, ahead of an exhibition of his fine art curated by the de Young Museum in San Francisco. Whereas most active tattooing designs in that era were picked off a wall before being inked into skin, Don Ed Hardy tattoos were a more collaborative effort with customers and a more alternative art endeavor. Hardy told the New York Times: “I just wanted to develop it as a challenging medium. It was just stupid that everything had to have black outlines.” Hardy’s tattoo imagery mixed Asian, Californian, and American themes throughout his tattoo art, and developed a range of unique types of flash. Hardy built an almost peerless reputation as the USA’s most creative tattoo designer. The craft aspect is what I also liked about etching: There’s a right way and a wrong way to do it.”Įd Hardy’s Tattoo City, Neon Sign Image: Gary Stevens CC BY-2.0 Evolving Traditional American TattooingĪ post shared by Don Ed Hardy on at 11:15am PDT I came out of a blue-collar thing, and so did my wife. “I love the fact that tattooing is a craft,” he told the San Francisco Chronicle, “that there is a working-class aesthetic to it. “Tattooers were classed as the lowest form of humanity, so you kept to yourself.”ĭespite Hardy’s knowledge and interest and fine art, the symbolism he found in the tattooed servicemen of his childhood and the blue-collar work ethic were features of the tattoo industry he found irresistible. “In those days, everything was very secret,” Hardy said in 2009 interview. In the 1960s, a US city the size of San Francisco or Seattle might have just a single tattoo shop, and Los Angeles suburbs like Santa Monica or Orange County a single tattoo artist. They lacked the facilities, tattoo apprenticeship, look, and personality of parlors like Ed Hardy’s Tattoo City we find in modern tattooing. It was a cash business, and you were your own boss.” It took a while to build up the business, and I loved it. ![]() “People didn’t really do custom tattoos at the time. “I started apprenticing and really learning the tools,” he told the New York Times. Hardy opted out of a full scholarship to Yale after gaining a Bachelor of Fine Arts in printmaking from the San Francisco Institute. He took up the tattoo design, the tattoo machine and needle, and never looked back. As opposed to many other tattooists in the mid-late 20th century – usually hard-bitten men with a thirst for excitement and a military background – Hardy opted for the tattoo industry instead of art school, university and a life of academia. Hardy fell in love with tattoos during a time in which the tattoo community was not accepted by wider society. ![]() I have drawn, tattooed, and studied these raw power units for fifty years.” The overall effect was abstracted, menacing, puzzling and hypnotic. Accompanied by often enigmatic phrases, every design was a little drama unto itself. “Each codified form had its own rigidly conventionalized style. He’d seen sailors and soldiers return to coastal Costa Mesa, California, and was drawn to their collection of skin art souvenirs. “I was first mesmerized by the world of tattooing at the age of ten and began obsessively drawing tattoo flash then,” Hardy stated on his website.ĭon Ed Hardy was pictured in the local newspaper, barely a teen, tattooing neighborhood boys on their arms and chests with black wax markers for his version of a first tattoo. ![]() A post shared by Don Ed Hardy on at 6:08pm PST ![]() Wacom so i have to upgrade to have to catalina. If you're artistically inclined, or even just interested. Wacom still not fully fixed in 8.7, Avid Community.īamboo fun includes full editions of wacom cte-450 creative software to help get your creative juices for driver for bamboo mte, bamboo craft cth, bamboo fun cte, bamboo pen ctl and bamboo pen & touch cth. Start guide and to the automated software installer located on the bamboo fun pen tablet driver cd for complete details on installing your pen tablet. Wacom PTK-440 Manuals and User Guides, Other Manuals. Start Guide and to the automated software installer (located on the Bamboo Fun Pen Tablet Driver CD) for complete details on installing your pen tablet. I'm having problems that coincide exactly with the problems listed by ian thompson in his video - parts 1. Feel free to download the latest manuals. Drivers asus x550lc usb 3.0 for Windows 7 64bit download. Wacom Bamboo Fun Cte 450 Driver Windows 10. Antivirus software passed: McAfee ver 4.75. File name: wacom-bamboo-fun-cte-450-win10.exe. Fixed drivers for Wacom Bamboo, Graphire, Intuos 1, 2, 3, and Cintiq 1st gen tablets on macOS Catalina / Big Sur / Monterey Wacoms macOS drivers for Bamboo, Graphire, Intuos 1, 2 & 3 and Cintiq 1st gen tablets have bugs in them that cause them to completely fail to start on macOS 10.15 Catalina and later versions (including 11 Big Sur and 12. Everything excellent condition except the pen. Below you can download wacom bamboo fun cte 450 windows 10 driver for Windows. Download wacom cte 640 driver for windows 10/8/7 and mac digital drawing and graphics tablet free. Sure, so give this one of external sites. Navigate through your wacom cte 640 on eligible purchases. ![]() We can adjust the spray pattern from 40 to 360 degrees to conserve water and irrigate the lawn only when necessary, with no waste runoff. Turn the diffuser screw on the top of the turret clockwise to reduce spray distance and counterclockwise to increase spray distance. Use the key’s screwdriver or metal end to adjust the spray distance. Turn it clockwise to widen the arc a complete rotation equals 90 degrees. Insert the plastic end of the key or the flat-head screwdriver into the adjustment stop on the turret and push the key or screwdriver straight through the slot to adjust the left stop. Then align it with the spray area’s right side. To adjust the arc, reset it by turning the green turret on the top of the head to the left. However, previous Saturn models can be adjusted with a flat-head screwdriver. Orbit, on the other hand, manufactures the Saturn line of gear-drive rotary sprinkler heads, and the most recent model, the Saturn IV, comes with a special adjustment key. However, turn it clockwise to shorten and counterclockwise to lengthen the spray distance. To change the spray distance, turn the screw in the center of the shower head with a flat-head screwdriver. Then, while holding the sleeve steady, rotate only the head until the indicator aligns with the left side of the spray area. wrap the tool around the sprinkler sleeve to keep it in place.Īs a result, rotate the sleeve until the nozzle head’s indicator points to the right side of the spray area. ![]() Lift the nozzle out of the ground with the Orbit adjustment tool to adjust the arc. Orbit adjustable pop-up spray nozzles, on the other hand, can water in arcs ranging from 25 to 360 degrees. As a result, a unique key is available from dealers who sell Orbit sprinkler system components. Orbit makes a variety of sprinkler heads, all of which are easily adjustable with a flat-head screwdriver. However, you must adjust the heads regularly to keep up with changes in the local climate in addition to your growing plants. Reduce the radius by turning the nozzle head screw clockwise.įirst, put in an underground sprinkler system in your lawn and garden is only the first step toward proper irrigation. Increase the amount of water by turning the bow counterclockwise. ![]() Thus, reduce the amount of water by rotating the arc clockwise. For more information go to: sprinkler head adjustment: Turn on the spray nozzle to see what adjustments are needed for the orbit sprinkler head. Including lead, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. WARNING: This product can expose you to chemicals ![]() OPERATING WATER PRESSURE: Works from 15 to 65 psi.TELESCOPING TRIPOD: Metal tripod, with three-leg adjustment, to water at the perfect height as your garden grows.LONG-LASTING CONSTRUCTION: Made from strong, durable plastic to ensure this product will last from season to season without rust or corrosion.INNOVATIVE DESIGN: Gear drive, designed by Orbit, offers whisper-quiet operation.EASY-TO-USE: Simply twist and click into place for pattern selection.4-POSITION DIFFUSER: Customize your spray to distribute water in drops or small jets.6 SPRAY PATTERNS: Choose from small, medium, large, shower, vertical, and flat.ADJUSTABLE SPRAY COVERAGE: Use the collar tabs to adjust your spray from partial to full circle (360°) coverage.LARGE-AREA COVERAGE: Sprays up to 80 feet in diameter, covering 5,026 square feet when set to a full circle.NO TOOLS REQUIRED: This sprinkler is ready to use right out of the box, simple to operate, and offers versatility in spray settings. I will confirm that the "list of working bluetooth devices" here confirms that the WIDCOMM stack has problems with this device. I will try previous versions of BS and edit this post if I get success. ![]() The latest trial version of BS (IVT_BlueSoleil_6.4.314.3) detects it (Nintendo RVL-CNT-01) but asks for a passkey. Downloads and Support for Targus Accessories Targus US Device Sale Driver and Software Downloads Guides and More at Targus Find and download drivers, software, and user guides for Targus products including docking stations, USB hubs, video adapters, and tablet cases. before returning it and borrowing one or buying one on newegg. I'll be installing stacks first and then trying it on a Windows XP computer. Drivers & Downloads ACB75AU Targus USA Driver Name Driver for ACB75AU & ACB74AU (Windows XP) Driver Name Driver version BTW12.0.1.830 for ACB75AU (Windows 8. I could be having bad luck with product choices, Bluetooth 2.1 doesn't work with the wiimote, my previous drivers could not have completely uninstalled and be interfering, or I'm missing something. Bluetooth 4.0 Dual-Mode micro-USB Adapter Model Number : ACB10US1 Make the Connection 1.9 (31) Write a review 39.99 Hook up your mouse or keyboard, transfer documents, or listen to some tunes wirelessly with this Bluetooth adapter. Drivers for the USB Targus Bluetooth 4.0 adapter are below, the latest drivers are on the Targus website. ![]() I've tried swapping to a different wiimote, rebooting, pressing the button on the bluetooth adapter, pressing/holding other buttons on the wiimote, plugging it into different USB ports, and "updating drivers" in the device manager to generic versions. Supporting the latest Version 4.0 specification, it offers ultra-low power consumption with support for Bluetooth Low Energy. So I just bought the more expensive $35 Rocketfish 2.1 EDR USB Adapter and am having the same issues. SKU ACB75EU Description Targus USB Bluetooth 4.0 Adapter brings Bluetooth compatibility to your desktop PC or laptop enabling you to work with Bluetooth enabled peripherals. ![]() Game Mini Block Craft 3D vi li chi tng t Minecraft s mang n tri nghim vô cùng hp dn. Hãy miêu t k nng ca bn thân trong vô vàn nhng môi trng xây dng không ging nhau. ![]() Mini Block Craft 3D là game xây dng th gii min phí dành riêng cho Windows 10. Bn có th hòa mình vào gn nh trò chi xây nhà y cng thng, buc phi chy ua cùng vi thi gian, hay có th lên bn dng thit k tht t m nhng cp khác. You can go explore the world or build your own. Mini Block Craft 3D Game xây dng th gii m. The game does not have a main plot or any goals. Items - weapons, armor, clothes, tools, resources, ingots, stones, food, potions, dyes, plants and more.īlocks - natural, building, decorative, interactive.Īll this can be found or created in the world. Mini Block Craft 3D là game xây dng th gii min phí dành riêng cho Windows 10. In the game you will find a skin editor, customize your character! Choose any appearance and clothes. On the market, you can buy or get a lot of add-ons for the game, maps, textures, worlds and much more for free.Ĭreate your character, many skins for girls and boys. Vi Block Craft 3D hack cho phép bn xây dng mi th, vn dng s sáng to to nên nhng tòa nhà, công trình ln theo ý thích. Survival, building, adventure, battle, maybe we will add new modes soon. You can choose any mode and set all parameters for any map. You can play with your friends in multiplayer in the most popular games through our servers for free and for as long as you like. Game mini world with block art này hoàn toàn min phí và phù hp vi các la tui, c ngi ln và tr em. MiniCraft: Blocky Craft 2021 là mt game xây nhà th công trong th gii hình hp. This is an adventure game, in this mode you can not destroy and build, but you can interact with players, mobs and other characters. Trong vai mt th xây dng, hãy sáng to và thit k ra ngôi nhà ca riêng bn. All in One - Creative and Destruction.Įxplore the endless world of blocks alone or with friends, or even craft your own world for other users to see. Unlimited creativity, build, destroy and build again. ![]() This is a survival game, you will need to find food when you are hungry and water when you are thirsty, you will be constantly in a state of survival. The game has a built-in editor for creating constructions. In creative mode, you can build any buildings and structures. Build a craft city and have a party there. You can create many items and blocks from crafting recipes. This is a craft game and you are the best craftsman. Try this simulator now and have fun building your city!īlock Craft 3D: Free Building is brought to you by Fun Games for Free, creator of the 100+ Million downloads games Flight Pilot Simulator, Sniper 3D, and Sniper Shooter.Online open world sandbox game with exploration, crafting, creative, building, survival.īlock World 3D is a sandbox game with crafting and building, where you can explore, craft, survive, build and more with other players. In Block Craft 3D, no need for maps, just visit the village of your friends to get new ideas and follow the blueprints and guides to easily build fantastic constructions. You can create custom blocks, craft special furniture, or complete a blueprint of a building! And even better: sell those and receive lots of gems! In Block Craft, no need for mods, launchers, or PE. Start the exploration! You can visit the city built by your friends (or foes) and help them finish their construction. Play with pets! Adopt a dog, a cat or even an elephant! Unlike other block games, there are no monsters in Block Craft 3D: you can focus on constructing the best buildings or exploring the world. Play now one of the best construction games! Animals adopt and play with animals! It's fun!.Lots of pixels: enjoy the special pixel graphics. Ti v và s dng Block Craft 3D: Mô Phng trên iPhone, iPad, và iPod touch ca bn. ![]()
![]() Strength of a material is obviously important. Attic floors with limited storage L/240 & 10 psf.Bedrooms and habitable attic floors L/360 & 30 psf.Examples of code-prescribed deflection limits and live load values are: These limits are based on live loads and activities experienced in specific rooms of a house. Typical deflection limits referenced in code books are L/360, L/240 or L/180. Drywall attached to the underside of this system is not expected to crack when the floor joist system deflects 1/3″. For example: a floor joist appropriately selected to span 10 feet with an L/360 limit will deflect no more than 120″/360 = 1/3 inches under maximum design loads. They are expressed as a fraction clear span in inches (L) over a given number. Maximum deflection limits are set by building codes. Only live loads are used to calculate design values for stiffness. In other words, how much a joist or rafter bends under the maximum expected load. Stiffness of structural members is limited by maximum allowable deflection. Perhaps the joists were strong enough if they didn’t break! But lack of stiffness leads to costly problems. For example, first-floor ceiling plaster would crack as occupants walked across a second-floor bedroom that was framed with bouncy floor joists. Strength and stiffness are equally important. ![]() Beams, studs, joists and rafters act as a structural skeleton and must be strong enough and stiff enough to resist these loads. The house acts as a structural system resisting dead loads (weight of materials), live loads (weights imposed by use and occupancy), like snow loads and wind loads. This article will focus on how simple beams like joists and rafters react to loading. If, when the loads of the house are combined, the house weighs more than the soil can support – the house will sink until it reaches a point at which the soil can support the load. Remember when your science teacher said: every action has an opposite and equal reaction? Well every building load has an equal “reaction load”. The structural goal of a house is to safely transfer building loads (weights) through the foundation to the supporting soil. A complete analysis of wood’s mechanical properties is complex, but understanding a few basics of lumber strength will allow you to size joists and rafters with the use of span tables. Wood is naturally engineered to serve as a structural material: The stem of a tree is fastened to the earth at its base (foundation), supports the weight of its branches (column) and bends as it is loaded by the wind (cantilever beam). Using span tables to size joists and rafters is a straight-forward process when you understand the structural principles that govern their use. |
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